Medical Tests & Reference Ranges
Medical tests help doctors assess your health, investigate symptoms, monitor existing conditions and check how well a treatment is working. From routine blood tests to urine tests, hormone tests, infection screening and biopsies, each test provides different information about the body.
Use the NamakMandi.pk Medical Tests Directory to search common diagnostic tests and learn what each test is used for, the type of sample required and its typical reference range.
About Reference Ranges: Values shown are general reference ranges for educational purposes. Ranges may vary by laboratory, age, sex, pregnancy and testing method. Always compare your result with the reference range on your own laboratory report.
Medical Tests & Typical Reference Ranges
Search blood, urine, stool, hormone, infection, cancer-marker and biopsy tests. Reference intervals can vary by laboratory, method, age, sex, pregnancy and clinical circumstances.
Important:
Compare your result with the reference range printed on your own laboratory report. Values on this page are general educational examples and are not a diagnosis.
| Test name | Sample / type | What is it for? | Typical reference range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone Marrow Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines bone marrow tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Breast Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines breast tissue for benign changes, atypia or cancer. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Cervical Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines cervical tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Colon Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines colon tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Core Needle Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines core needle tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Endometrial Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines endometrial tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Excisional Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines excisional tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Samples cells from a lump or organ to evaluate inflammation, benign disease or malignancy. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Gastric Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines gastric tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Incisional Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines incisional tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Kidney Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines kidney tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Liver Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines liver tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Lymph Node Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines lymph node tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Prostate Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines prostate tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Skin Biopsy Biopsy & Pathology | Tissue / Cells | Examines skin tissue or cells to establish a microscopic diagnosis. | Histopathology / cytology interpretation; no single numeric range |
| Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| Beta-hCG, Quantitative Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| CA 125 Cancer Markers | Blood | Used mainly in evaluation and monitoring of ovarian cancer in appropriate clinical contexts; not diagnostic by itself. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| CA 15-3 Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| CA 19-9 Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| CA 27.29 Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| Calcitonin Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Cancer Markers | Blood | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative / non-reactive |
| Chromogranin A Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| Free PSA Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| Free-to-Total PSA Ratio Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| HE4 Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Total Cancer Markers | Blood | Measures PSA for prostate assessment and monitoring. An elevated PSA does not by itself diagnose prostate cancer. | No single universal normal cutoff; interpret with age, symptoms, medications and clinical context |
| ROMA Score Cancer Markers | Blood | Marker used in selected cancer evaluation or monitoring; it should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. | Assay-, age- and clinical-context dependent; not diagnostic by itself |
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Antithrombin Activity Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| D-Dimer (Coagulation) Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Factor IX Activity Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Factor VIII Activity Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Factor XI Activity Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Fibrinogen Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | About 200–400 mg/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| International Normalized Ratio (INR) Coagulation | Blood | Standardizes PT and is used especially for warfarin monitoring. | Without anticoagulation often ~0.8–1.2* |
| Lupus Anticoagulant Testing Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Protein C Activity Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Protein S Activity Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Prothrombin Time (PT) Coagulation | Blood | Measures part of the clotting system and is used in bleeding assessment and warfarin monitoring. | Reagent/lab dependent; often ~11–13.5 sec* |
| Thrombin Time (TT) Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Von Willebrand Factor Activity Coagulation | Blood | Evaluates part of the blood-clotting system and may help investigate bleeding or thrombosis. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Von Willebrand Factor Antigen Coagulation | Blood | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative / non-reactive |
| 2-Hour Postprandial Glucose Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Blood Ketones Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Negative / low |
| C-Peptide Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Fasting Insulin Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Screens for and helps diagnose diabetes or prediabetes after fasting. | Normal fasting: 70–99 mg/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Fructosamine Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| HbA1c Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Estimates average blood glucose over roughly the previous 2–3 months. | Normal: <5.7% (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), 2-Hour Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Non-pregnant: <140 mg/dL at 2 hours is generally normal* |
| Random Plasma Glucose Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | No single 'normal' value independent of meal timing; diabetes diagnosis uses defined criteria plus clinical context |
| Urine Glucose Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Negative |
| Urine Ketones Diabetes | Blood / Urine | Helps assess blood-glucose control, insulin production or ketosis in diabetes-related evaluation. | Negative |
| ApoB/ApoA1 Ratio Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| BNP Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess suspected heart failure and cardiac wall stress. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| HDL Cholesterol Heart & Lipids | Blood | Measures HDL cholesterol as one part of cardiovascular-risk assessment. | Interpret with the full lipid profile and overall cardiovascular risk; HDL is not a stand-alone treatment target |
| High-Sensitivity Troponin I Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| High-Sensitivity Troponin T Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Homocysteine Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| LDL Cholesterol Heart & Lipids | Blood | Measures LDL cholesterol, an important component of cardiovascular-risk assessment. | No single target for everyone; treatment goals depend on overall cardiovascular risk |
| LDL Particle Number Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Myoglobin Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Non-HDL Cholesterol Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| NT-proBNP Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess suspected heart failure and cardiac wall stress. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Total Cholesterol Heart & Lipids | Blood | Measures overall blood cholesterol and contributes to cardiovascular-risk assessment. | Desirable <200 mg/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Triglycerides Heart & Lipids | Blood | Measures circulating triglycerides and helps assess metabolic and cardiovascular risk. | Fasting desirable <150 mg/dL* |
| Troponin I Heart & Lipids | Blood | Detects heart-muscle injury and is central to evaluating suspected myocardial infarction. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Troponin T Heart & Lipids | Blood | Detects heart-muscle injury and is central to evaluating suspected myocardial infarction. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| VLDL Cholesterol Heart & Lipids | Blood | Helps assess cardiovascular risk, lipid status or evidence of cardiac stress/injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Basophil Count Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Blood Group ABO Hematology | Blood | Determines whether the ABO blood group is A, B, AB or O for transfusion, pregnancy care and other clinical uses. | Result is A, B, AB or O; there is no 'normal' blood group |
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) Hematology | Blood | Measures red cells, white cells, hemoglobin and platelets; commonly used to assess anemia, infection and blood disorders. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Direct Coombs Test (DAT) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Eosinophil Count Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Ferritin Hematology | Blood | Reflects body iron stores and helps assess iron deficiency or iron overload. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| G6PD Level Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Hematocrit (Hct/PCV) Hematology | Blood | Measures the percentage of blood made up of red blood cells. | Adults: roughly Male 41–53%; Female 36–46% (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Hemoglobin (Hb) Hematology | Blood | Measures the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells and helps assess anemia or polycythemia. | Adults: roughly Male 13.5–17.5 g/dL; Female 12.0–15.5 g/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| High-Sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Indirect Coombs Test (Antibody Screen) Hematology | Blood | Detects red-cell antibodies in serum and is commonly used before transfusion and during pregnancy. | Negative / no clinically significant red-cell antibodies detected |
| Lymphocyte Count Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | About 27–33 pg/cell (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | About 32–36 g/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Hematology | Blood | Shows the average size of red blood cells and helps classify anemia. | About 80–100 fL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Monocyte Count Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Neutrophil Count Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Peripheral Blood Smear Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Platelet Count Hematology | Blood | Measures platelets involved in blood clotting. | About 150–450 ×10³/µL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Hematology | Blood | Counts red blood cells and helps assess anemia and other blood disorders. | Adults: roughly Male 4.5–5.9 ×10⁶/µL; Female 4.1–5.1 ×10⁶/µL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | About 11.5–14.5% (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Reticulocyte Count Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | About 0.5–2.5% (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Rh(D) Typing Hematology | Blood | Determines whether the Rh(D) antigen is present on red blood cells, important for transfusion and pregnancy care. | Positive or negative; neither result is inherently abnormal |
| Serum Iron Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC) Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Transferrin Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Transferrin Saturation Hematology | Blood | Measures or evaluates a blood-cell feature used in assessment of anemia, infection, inflammation or hematologic disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Hematology | Blood | Counts white blood cells and can help assess infection, inflammation and bone-marrow disorders. | About 4.0–11.0 ×10³/µL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| ANCA Screen Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anti-CCP Antibody Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff |
| Anti-dsDNA Antibody Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anti-RNP Antibody Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anti-Smith (Sm) Antibody Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anti-SSA (Ro) Antibody Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anti-SSB (La) Antibody Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anticardiolipin IgG Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anticardiolipin IgM Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Screens for autoantibodies associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. | Negative; titer/pattern interpreted if positive |
| Beta-2 Glycoprotein I IgG Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Beta-2 Glycoprotein I IgM Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Complement C3 Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Complement C4 Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| ENA Panel Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| IgA Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| IgE, Total Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| IgG Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| IgM Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Immunofixation Electrophoresis Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| MPO-ANCA Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| PR3-ANCA Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Autoantibody used with clinical findings in rheumatoid arthritis assessment. | Assay dependent; usually reported against lab cutoff |
| Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Total Complement (CH50) Immunology & Autoimmune | Blood | Assesses immune-system proteins or autoantibodies in suspected immune or autoimmune disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Anti-HBc IgM Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anti-HBe Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Anti-HBs Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Measures antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen and helps assess immunity after vaccination or recovery from infection. | After a completed hepatitis B vaccine series, ≥10 mIU/mL measured 1–2 months later is considered a protective response* |
| Anti-HCV Antibody Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Screens for exposure to hepatitis C virus. | Negative / non-reactive |
| Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) Titer Infectious Disease | Blood | Detects antibodies to streptolysin O and can support evidence of a recent group A streptococcal infection in the right clinical context. | Age- and laboratory-dependent; interpret against the laboratory cutoff and clinical history |
| Blood Culture Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects bacteria or fungi in blood. | No growth |
| Brucella Antibody Test Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| C. difficile Toxin/PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to C. difficile Toxin/ infection or disease. | Not detected |
| COVID-19 Antigen Test Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative / non-reactive |
| COVID-19 RT-PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to COVID-19 RT- infection or disease. | Not detected |
| Dengue IgG Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Dengue IgM Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Dengue NS1 Antigen Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Helps detect dengue infection early in illness. | Negative |
| Entamoeba histolytica Antigen Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative / non-reactive |
| HBeAg Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| HBsAg Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Screens for current hepatitis B surface antigen. | Negative / non-reactive |
| HBV DNA PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to HBV DNA infection or disease. | Not detected |
| HCV RNA PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to HCV RNA infection or disease. | Not detected |
| HIV RNA PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to HIV RNA infection or disease. | Not detected |
| HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab 4th Generation Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Screens for HIV infection using antigen and antibody detection. | Non-reactive |
| Influenza A PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to Influenza A infection or disease. | Not detected |
| Influenza B PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to Influenza B infection or disease. | Not detected |
| Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Supports detection or assessment of a specific infectious disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Malaria Parasite Blood Film Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Looks directly for malaria parasites and helps identify species and parasite density. | No malaria parasites seen |
| Malaria Rapid Antigen Test Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative / non-reactive |
| RSV PCR Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to RSV infection or disease. | Not detected |
| Rubella IgG Infectious Disease | Blood | Assesses antibodies to rubella, commonly to determine immunity before or during pregnancy. | Immune/non-immune interpretation is assay-specific |
| Sputum AFB Culture Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Attempts to grow and identify microorganisms from the submitted sample. | No significant pathogenic growth |
| Sputum AFB Smear Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Supports detection or assessment of a specific infectious disease. | No AFB seen |
| Strep A Rapid Antigen Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative / non-reactive |
| TB PCR / GeneXpert MTB/RIF Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects genetic material related to TB infection or disease. | MTB not detected |
| Throat Culture Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Attempts to grow and identify microorganisms from the submitted sample. | No significant pathogenic growth |
| Total Anti-HBc Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Supports detection or assessment of a specific infectious disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Tuberculin Skin Test (TST/PPD) Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Supports detection or assessment of a specific infectious disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Typhoid Blood Culture Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Attempts to grow and identify microorganisms from the submitted sample. | No significant pathogenic growth |
| Widal Test Infectious Disease | Blood / Swab / Sputum / Other | Detects antibodies to Salmonella antigens. Because accuracy and baseline titers vary, it should not be used alone to diagnose typhoid. | No universal diagnostic cutoff; interpretation depends on local baseline titers, timing and laboratory method |
| 24-Hour Urine Creatinine Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| 24-Hour Urine Protein Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Usually <150 mg/24 h (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Ammonia Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Anion Gap Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Beta-2 Microglobulin Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Bicarbonate / Total CO2 Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | About 22–29 mmol/L (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | About 7–20 mg/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Calcium, Ionized Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Calcium, Total Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Measures blood calcium important for bones, nerves, muscles and hormones. | Adults roughly 8.6–10.2 mg/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Chloride (Cl) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | About 98–107 mmol/L (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| CK-MB Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Creatine Kinase (CK/CPK) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Creatinine Clearance Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Cystatin C Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Estimates how well the kidneys filter blood. | Generally ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m² when no other kidney-disease markers are present* |
| Lactate Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Magnesium Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | About 1.7–2.4 mg/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Phosphate (Phosphorus) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Potassium (K) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Measures an electrolyte important for heart rhythm, muscles and nerves. | About 3.5–5.2 mmol/L (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Serum Creatinine Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney filtration and is used to calculate eGFR. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Serum Osmolality Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | About 275–295 mOsm/kg (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Serum Urea Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Sodium (Na) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Measures a major electrolyte important for fluid balance and nerve function. | About 135–145 mmol/L (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Uric Acid Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (uACR) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Generally <30 mg/g* |
| Urine Osmolality Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Potassium Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio (uPCR) Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Detects genetic material related to Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio (u infection or disease. | Not detected |
| Urine Sodium Kidney & Metabolic | Blood / Urine | Helps assess kidney function, fluid/electrolyte balance or metabolic status. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT) Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Measures a liver enzyme that can rise with liver-cell injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Albumin Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Measures the main blood protein made by the liver; affected by liver, kidney and nutritional conditions. | About 3.5–5.0 g/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Albumin/Globulin Ratio (A/G Ratio) Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Amylase Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Measures an enzyme found in liver and muscle that can rise with tissue injury. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Direct Bilirubin Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Often 0.0–0.3 mg/dL* |
| Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Globulin Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| H. pylori Urea Breath Test Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Indirect Bilirubin Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Lipase Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Pancreatic Elastase, Stool Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | Typically >200 µg/g suggests normal function* |
| Total Bilirubin Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Measures bilirubin and helps evaluate jaundice and liver or bile-duct disease. | Adults about 0.0–1.2 mg/dL* |
| Total Protein Liver & Digestive | Blood / Stool / Breath | Helps assess liver, pancreatic or gastrointestinal function or disease. | About 6.0–8.3 g/dL (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) Pregnancy & Fertility | Blood | Used mainly as a marker of ovarian reserve in fertility assessment. | Age- and assay-dependent; no single universal 'normal' fertility cutoff |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Pregnancy & Fertility | Blood | Assesses ovarian, testicular and pituitary function and is commonly used in fertility and menopause evaluation. | Sex-, age- and menstrual-cycle dependent; use the laboratory reference interval |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Pregnancy & Fertility | Blood | Assesses reproductive hormone signaling and helps evaluate ovulation, fertility and gonadal function. | Sex-, age- and menstrual-cycle dependent; use the laboratory reference interval |
| Progesterone Pregnancy & Fertility | Blood | Helps assess ovulation, luteal-phase function and selected pregnancy-related questions. | Menstrual-cycle and pregnancy-stage dependent; use the laboratory reference interval |
| Semen Analysis Pregnancy & Fertility | Semen | Assesses semen volume, sperm concentration, motility and morphology as part of male fertility evaluation. | Interpret using current WHO laboratory methods and the reporting laboratory; reference limits do not sharply separate fertile from infertile men |
| Serum Beta-hCG, Quantitative Pregnancy & Fertility | Blood | Measures hCG concentration to assess pregnancy and selected pregnancy-related conditions. | When not pregnant, usually very low/negative; during pregnancy values depend strongly on gestational age and laboratory |
| Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) - Stool Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Negative / below assay cutoff |
| Pinworm Tape Test Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | No eggs seen |
| Stool C. difficile Toxin Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Negative |
| Stool Calprotectin Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Stool Cryptosporidium Antigen Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative |
| Stool Culture and Sensitivity Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Attempts to grow and identify microorganisms from the submitted sample. | No significant pathogenic growth |
| Stool Elastase Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Stool Fat Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Stool Giardia Antigen Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative |
| Stool H. pylori Antigen Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Detects a specific antigen and supports diagnosis of the related infection or condition. | Negative |
| Stool Lactoferrin Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Stool Occult Blood Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Detects hidden blood in stool. | Negative |
| Stool Ova and Parasites (O&P) Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Looks for intestinal parasite eggs and organisms. | None seen |
| Stool Routine Examination (Stool R/E) Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Stool WBCs / Fecal Leukocytes Stool & Parasitology | Stool | Evaluates stool for infection, inflammation, bleeding, malabsorption or parasites. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| 24-Hour Urine Free Cortisol Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| ACTH Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Aldosterone Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Aldosterone-Renin Ratio (ARR) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Cortisol, Evening Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Cortisol, Morning Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Around 5–25 µg/dL at about 8 a.m. is a common example range; time and assay matter* |
| DHEA-S Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Estradiol (E2) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Free T3 (FT3) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Free T4 (FT4) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures unbound thyroxine and helps assess thyroid function. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Plasma Renin Activity Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Prolactin Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Helps evaluate galactorrhea, infertility, menstrual changes and pituitary disorders. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Testosterone, Free Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Testosterone, Total Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Thyroglobulin Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Thyroglobulin Antibody (TgAb) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPOAb) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Primary screening test for thyroid function. | Laboratory-specific; many adult laboratories use a range roughly around 0.4–4 to 5 mIU/L* |
| Total T3 Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Total T4 Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Measures a hormone or related marker used in endocrine assessment. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| TSH Receptor Antibody (TRAb) Thyroid & Hormones | Blood / Urine | Detects a specific antibody and supports diagnosis or immune-status assessment in the appropriate clinical context. | Negative / below assay cutoff unless otherwise specified |
| Urinalysis (Urine R/E) Urine | Urine | Screens urine for chemical and microscopic abnormalities linked to kidney, urinary and metabolic conditions. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Appearance / Clarity Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Bacteria Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Bence Jones Protein Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Bilirubin Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Negative |
| Urine Blood / Hemoglobin Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Negative |
| Urine Casts Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Color Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Crystals Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Culture and Sensitivity Urine | Urine | Attempts to grow and identify microorganisms from the submitted sample. | No significant pathogenic growth |
| Urine Cytology Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Drug Screen Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Epithelial Cells Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Glucose (Urinalysis) Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Ketones (Urinalysis) Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine Leukocyte Esterase Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Negative |
| Urine Nitrite Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Negative |
| Urine pH Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Roughly 4.5–8.0 (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Urine Pregnancy Test (hCG) Urine | Urine | Detects hCG in urine to assess pregnancy. | Negative when not pregnant |
| Urine Protein Urine | Urine | Screens for protein leakage into urine. | Negative to trace |
| Urine RBCs Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Often 0–2 or 0–3 RBC/HPF*; lab dependent |
| Urine Specific Gravity Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | About 1.005–1.030 (typical example; laboratory ranges may differ)* |
| Urine Urobilinogen Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Urine WBCs Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Often 0–5 WBC/HPF*; lab dependent |
| Urine Yeast Urine | Urine | Evaluates a chemical, cellular or microbiologic feature of urine. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses vitamin D status. | Interpretation varies by laboratory and guideline; deficiency is commonly defined as <20 ng/mL* |
| Ceruloplasmin Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Copper Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Folate (Serum) Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Iodine, Urine Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Prealbumin (Transthyretin) Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Red Blood Cell Folate Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Selenium Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Vitamin A (Retinol) Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Vitamin B12 Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Helps assess vitamin B12 deficiency and related anemia or neurologic symptoms. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol) Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
| Zinc Vitamins & Nutrition | Blood / Urine | Assesses a vitamin, mineral or nutrition-related marker when deficiency or excess is suspected. | Lab-specific / see the reference interval on the patient’s report |
No tests matched your search.
* Approximate adult reference examples only. Different laboratories may use different methods, units and reference intervals.
Understanding Medical Test Reference Ranges
A reference range shows the values commonly found in a particular group of healthy people. However, a result outside the reference range does not automatically mean that you have a disease, and a result within the range does not always rule one out.
Reference ranges can differ according to the laboratory, testing method, age, sex, pregnancy and other individual factors. Some tests also use diagnostic cutoffs or clinical targets rather than a simple “normal” range.
For this reason, always compare your result with the reference range printed on your own laboratory report and discuss abnormal or unexpected results with a qualified healthcare professional.
Types of Medical Tests Covered
The directory includes a broad range of diagnostic tests, including blood and hematology tests, diabetes tests, kidney and liver function tests, cholesterol and cardiac markers, thyroid and hormone tests, vitamins and minerals, urine and stool tests, infection screening, coagulation tests, autoimmune tests, fertility and pregnancy tests, cancer markers, and biopsy and pathology tests.
Some tests provide numerical results, while others may be reported as positive, negative, reactive, non-reactive, detected, not detected, no growth, or as a pathology interpretation.
Before Having a Medical Test
Preparation depends on the test being performed. Some tests require fasting, specific timing or temporary changes to medicines, while many require no special preparation at all.
Follow the instructions given by your doctor or laboratory. Do not stop a prescribed medicine simply because you are having a laboratory test unless your healthcare professional specifically tells you to do so.
Important Information
The information and reference ranges provided in this directory are for general educational purposes only. They should not be used to diagnose a medical condition, interpret a laboratory report without appropriate clinical context, or replace professional medical advice.
If a test result is significantly abnormal or you are experiencing concerning symptoms, consult your doctor or another qualified healthcare professional.